Daclizumab es un tratamiento nuevo para la Esclerosis Múltiple Remitente Recurrente o con brotes. A finales de abril del 2016, la Agencia Europea del Medicamento dio su recomendación positiva para aprobar este tratamiento en Europa como terapia para todos los pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple con brotes tanto en primera como en segunda línea.
La aprobación final en Europa se hará en el verano del 2016. Sin embargo, en Estados Unidos ya se ha aprobado el Daclizumab pero con más restricciones que en Europa, allí sólo van a poder acceder a este tratamiento pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple Remitente Recurrente que hayan tenido dos tratamientos para la Esclerosis Múltiple previamente y no le hayan funcionado o hecho el efecto necesario.
Este tratamiento estuvo autorizado para los trasplantes de riñón desde 1999 hasta 2009, pero se aplicaba de una forma intravenosa y con dosis distintas a las usadas para Esclerosis Múltiple. El Daclizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal, de la misma clase que el Natalizumab (Tysabri) o el Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada). Es una solución acuosa (150 mg) que se administra con una jeringuilla o pen de forma subcutánea, como los interferones, y se pone sólo una vez al mes, con una buena tolerancia, sin síndrome pseudogripal y con pocos efectos adversos a corto plazo. En teoría, en Europa podrá ser un tratamiento para todos los pacientes de Esclerosis Múltiple Remitente Recurrente al inicio de la enfermedad o por cambio de otro tratamiento, pero no se sabe cuál será la indicación en España.
Los linfocitos T activados son los que pasan la barrera hematoencefálica del cerebro y son los responsables de los daños iniciales que se producen en el cerebro en los pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Los linfocitos T activados expresan CD25. El Daclizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que se une al CD25 que es necesario para la unión de la Interleuquina IL2 con su receptor. Daclizumab impide que Interleuquina IL2 se una con su receptor y entonces se disminuye la proliferación (multiplicación) de linfocitos activados que pasan la barrera hematoencefálica del cerebro y, por tanto, se producen menos daños en el mismo, lo que resulta beneficioso para la Esclerosis Múltiple. El Daclizumab produce un balance de la red inmunológica regulatoria y, por ello, es eficaz.
Se han hecho varios ensayos clínicos con este producto, los dos primeros el CHOICE y el SELECT se hicieron contra placebo. El último estudio DECIDE se ha realizado en muchos centros europeos, entre ellos en cinco hospitales españoles. En este estudio se comparaba el nuevo tratamiento Daclizumab con respecto al Interferón beta 1a (Avonex). En este estudio, Daclizumab demostró que tiene un efecto positivo en el índice de recaída anual (el número de recaídas por año), reduciendo los brotes un 45% comparándolo con Avonex (eficacia similar al Fingolimod), reduciendo las lesiones activas en un 54% y una reducción del 16% en la progresión de la discapacidad.
En cuanto a los efectos secundarios, los más comunes son: aumento de las enzimas del hígado y alteraciones cutáneas como acné, rash, eczema, eritemas, induración y picores. Las alteraciones cutáneas las mostraron el 37% de los pacientes tratados con Daclizumab y el 19% de los pacientes con Avonex. También, pero menos frecuentes, son el aumento de infecciones y las alteraciones gastrointestinales.
En la práctica clínica se hará una monitorización de las enzimas del hígado regularmente, aunque todavía no se sabe cada cuántos meses se hará una inspección regular de las alteraciones cutáneas. El uso de Daclizumab está contraindicado durante el embarazo y en mujeres con capacidad reproductora que no utilicen métodos anticonceptivos.
Dra. Celia Oreja-Guevara
Jefe de Sección de Neurología
Directora de la Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple
Profesor Asociado de la Universidad Complutense
Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid.
Miembro del Consejo Médico Asesor de AEDEM-COCEMFE
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